Adaptive multimode transmission in wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting

Limited energy has always been an important factor restricting the development of wireless sensor networks. The unbalanced energy consumption of nodes will accelerate the death of some nodes. To solve the above problems, an adaptive routing algorithm for energy collection sensor networks based on distributed energy saving clustering (DEEC) is proposed. In each hop of data transmission, the optimal mode is adaptively selected from four transmission modes: single-hop cooperative, multi-hop cooperative, single-hop non-cooperative and multi-hop non-cooperative, so as to reduce and balance the energy consumption of nodes. The performance of the proposed adaptive multi-mode transmission method and several benchmark schemes are evaluated and compared by computer simulation, where a few performance metrics such as the network lifetime and throughput are adopted. The results show that, the proposed method can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the network and prolong the network lifetime; it is superior to various benchmark schemes.     

Multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling using RCPSP and SAT solvers

This paper reports on a new solution approach for the well-known multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling problem (MRCPSP). This problem type aims at the selection of a single activity mode from a set of available modes in order to construct a precedence and a (renewable and non-renewable) resource feasible project schedule with a minimal makespan. The problem type is known to be NP-hard and has been solved using various exact as well as (meta-)heuristic procedures.The new algorithm splits the problem type into a mode assignment and a single mode project scheduling step. The mode assignment step is solved by a satisfiability (SAT) problem solver and returns a feasible mode selection to the project scheduling step. The project scheduling step is solved using an efficient meta-heuristic procedure from literature to solve the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). However, unlike many traditional meta-heuristic methods in literature to solve the MRCPSP, the new approach executes these two steps in one run, relying on a single priority list. Straightforward adaptations to the pure SAT solver by using pseudo boolean non-renewable resource constraints has led to a high quality solution approach in a reasonable computational time. Computational results show that the procedure can report similar or sometimes even better solutions than found by other procedures in literature, although it often requires a higher CPU time.     

Multi-mode S-type ultrasound-assisted protein extraction from walnut dregs and in situ real-time process monitoring

This study aimed to investigate the impact of multi-mode S-type ultrasound treatment on the protein extraction level of walnut dregs. The structural properties of the walnut protein (WP) were characterized, and the correlation between protein structure and extraction level was analyzed. The in situ real-time monitoring model for the ultrasound-assisted WP extraction process was established by a miniature fiber near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. Results showed that the protein yield, purity, and comprehensive extraction index (CEI) of extracted WP were 71.07 %, 72.69 %, and 71.72, respectively, under optimal conditions (dual-frequency 20/28 kHz, ultrasonic treatment duration 30 min, and ultrasound power density 120 W/L). The secondary structure of extracted WP displayed that the proportion of α-helix and β-sheet reduced, while the contents of β-turn and random coil increased after ultrasonic treatment. Besides, sonication decreased the disulfide bond content and increased free sulfhydryl (-SH) and surface hydrophobicity compared to the control. The microstructures of WP confirmed that appropriate sonication could unfold the protein aggregates and reduce the particle size. The extraction level of WP is positively correlated with the -SH content (p < 0.01). The quantitative prediction model of Si-PLS for -SH content in the ultrasound-assisted WP extraction process was established and performed a good correction and prediction performance (Rc = 0.9736; RMSECV = 0.446 μmol/L; Rp = 0.9342; RMSEP = 0.807 μmol/L). This study exploited a high-efficiency way for the WP extraction industry, and provided theoretical support for the development of the intelligent system in industrial protein extraction process.     

第Ⅱ种强度不等的非对称两态叠加多模叠加态光场的偶数阶等阶N次方Y压缩

本文构造了由多模复共轭相干态的相反态|{-Z_j^(a)*}>_q与多模虚共轭相干态的相反态|{-iZ_j^(b)*}>_q这两者的线性叠加所组成的第Ⅱ种强度不等的非对称两态叠加多模叠加态光场|Ψ_Ⅱ^(ab)>_q,利用多模压缩态理论研究了态|Ψ_Ⅱ^(ab)>_q的任意偶数阶等阶N次方Y压缩特性.结果发现:1)在压缩阶数N取偶数,即N=2p的条件下,无论p=2m(m=1,2,3,…,…),还是p=2m+1(m=0,1,2,3,…,…),只要构成态|Ψ_Ⅱ^(ab)>_q的两个不同的量子光场态中各对应模的强度(即平均光子数)和初始相位都不相等,亦即R_j^(a)≠R_j^(b)和φ_j^(a)≠φ_j^(b)(j=1,2,3,…,q),并且 ,则当满足一定的量子化条件(或者在一些闭区间内连续取值)时,态|Ψ_Ⅱ^(ab)>_q总可呈现出周期性变化的、任意偶数阶的等阶N次方Y压缩效应.2)在N=2p且p=2m+1(m=0,1,2,3,…,…)的条件下,若R_j^(a)=R_j^(b)和φ_j^(a)=φ_j^(b)(j=1,2,3,…,q),态|Ψ_Ⅱ^(ab)>_q则可呈现出等阶N次方Y压缩简并现象.     

Performance Test of CW 300?GHz Gyrotron FU CW I

A 300 GHz CW gyrotron FU CW I has been developed and installed in the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui as a power source of a high frequency material processing system. Its performance was tested and the maximum power of 1.75 kW / CW has been attained at the beam voltage of 15 kV and the beam current of 1A. The maximum window power efficiency of 15.5% has been obtained at the cathode voltage slightly lower than 15 kV. This gyrotron is designed to deliver a Gaussian beam after mode conversion from the oscillation mode TE_22,8 in the cavity with a complex of an internal radiator and beam shaping mirrors. The detailed measurement with an infrared camera has confirmed that a Gaussian beam is radiated when the magnetic field strength B _c at the cavity is adjusted at a proper value. However, within a range of B _c , the output power is emerged into multiple directions, which suggests simultaneous oscillation of competing cavity modes.     

Temperature field distribution in multi-layered solid media heated with multi-modes laser beam

In the present paper we want to develop an analytical model to study the thermal behavior of multi-layered solid media in interaction with a laser beam. We suppose that each layer has a constant thermal conductivity. We consider that the laser beam is formed by decoupled [Phys Rev A 1996; 53: 4435] multi-modes Hermite–Gauss beams. The model is applied using the classical heat equation which was solved using the integral transform method [Infrared Phys Technol 2002; 42: 31; Optics Laser Technol 2004; 36: 219–22; Optics Laser Technol 2004; 36: 677–9; Proc SPIE 2003; 5227: 323].     

一种新型的两态叠加多模Schrdinger猫态光场的等阶N次方Y压缩

本文根据量子力学的线性叠加原理,构造了由多模（即q模时目平态的相反态|｛｛－Zj｝〉q及多模虚相干态|｛｛－Zj｝〉q这两者的线性叠加所组成的一种新型的多模Schrodinger猫态光场利用新近建立的多模压缩态理论,研究了态的N次方Y压缩效应,结果发现：①当压缩阶数N＝Zp且p＝2m（m＝1,2,3,…,…）时,态。总是恒处于N－Y最小测不准态;②当压缩阶数N＝2p且p＝2m＋1（m＝0,1,2,3,…,…）时,如果各模的初始相位,态间的初始相位差以及各单模相干态光场的平均光子数之总和等满足一定的量子化条件,则态可呈现出周期性变化的、任意阶的N次方Y压缩效应;③当压缩阶数N＝2P＇＋1时,无论p＇＝2m（m＝0,1,2,…,…）还是p＇＝2m＋1（m＝0,1,2,3,…,……）,只要各模的初始相位满足一定的量子条件,则当两态叠加几率幅满足时,态就恒处于N－Y测不准态,始终不呈现N－Y最小测不准态和N次方Y压缩;而当时,态始终不呈现N－Y测不准态、N－Y最小测不准态和N次方Y压缩效应．     

Viscoelastic multi-mode simulations of wire-coating

A time-stepping finite element method is used to predict the viscoelastic stresses that arise in a tube-tooling wire-coating problem. The polymer melt HDPE is modelled by a multi-mode Phan-Thien/Tanner constitutive equation. Different flow geometries are considered to address optimisation of the process with respect to minimising the stress induced within the coating produced. The influence of the die itself and the various modes are considered. Relaxation times range for a three-mode model from 10⁻² to 10² s and for a seven-mode model from 10⁻³ to 10³ s. Typical Weissenberg numbers may range up to 10⁴. Three modes are sufficient to adequately describe the flow, and shorter/narrower draw-down regions are identified as being preferable. Once an adequate land length has been gathered, that has relaxed the flow stresses prior to draw-down, the actual details of die design are found to be inconsequential to the induced stresses in the delivered coatings.     

A novel MMI–MZ all-optical switch

This paper presents a novel all-optical switch based on multi-mode interference (MMI) and Mach–Zehnder (MZ) using self-imaging principle and optical Kerr effect of organic polymer material. A branch waveguide is inserted into one of Mach–Zehnder interferometer arms, where the controlling beam is introduced. The device with a core of azo polymer is simulated by the beam propagation method (BPM). The result shows that, the bent branch waveguide of 2 μm width is inserted in MZ interferometer arm at 100 μm has the minimal impact on the original waveguide. And a good light switching function is achieved via controlling light intensity of 4 mW.